Modal verbs

 Modalni glagoli

Modalni glagoli često mogu izazvati zabunu kod upotrebe jer neki od njih imaju oblike za sadašnje i prošlo vreme, a drugi opet imaju slična značenja pa se većina ljudi zbuni i ne zna koji od tih sa sličnim značenjem da upotrebi. Sada ćemo razjasniti sve nedoumice.
Dakle u engleskom jeziku postoji 10 modalnih glagola, a to su: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must i ought to. 
Takođe postoji i dva polumodalna glagola, odnosno oni se mogu koristiti i kao punoznačni glagoli, a to su: need i dare.
A ono što vas najviše buni su zamene za modalne glagole, odnosno glagolski izrazi, koji se mogu koristiti kao modalni glagoli umesto nekih prvobitnih modalnih koje sam navela gore, a to su: have (got) to, be able to i be allowed to.

Svi modalni glagoli imaju karakteristike po kojima su prepoznatljivi i koje diktiraju određena gramatička pravila, a to su:

1. Modalni glagoli izražavaju lična shvatanja ili subjektivne osobine (sposobnost, dozvola, obaveza, pretpostavka, savet itd.)

2. Modalni glagoli nemaju nastavak -s u trećem licu jednine prostog prezenta (present simple)

3. Modalni glagoli negaciju grade dodavanjem rečce not, a upitan oblik inverzijom

4. Modalni glagoli nemaju infinitive niti participe

5. Modalni glagoli su nepotpui, većina ima samo oblik prezenta, dok neki imaju i prošlo vreme

6. Modalni glagoli moraju biti u pratnji punoznačnog glagola bez to, osim za ough to

7. Modalni glagoli za građenje ostalih oblika upotrebljavaju izraze koji imaju slično značenje

            must = have to
            can = be able to
            may = be allowed to

8. Modalni glagoli se mogu koristiti sa infinitivom prefekta za izražavanje prošlosti

IZRAŽAVANJE SPOSOBNOSTI

1. CAN - Sposobnost u sadašnjosti

-I can speak five languages.
-Can you hear me?
-He cannot say a word in French.

2. COULD - Opšta sposobnost u prošlosti

-Rachel could climb the treewhen she was six. 

3. BE ABLE TO - Za glagolske oblike koje can nema

-He has never been able to forgive me.
-I love being able to see.
-You'll be able to see soon.

4. WAS/WERE ABLE TO - Specifična sposobnost u prošlosti

-He was able to open the safe with Nick's code.

5. COULD + INFINITIV PERFEKTA - Neostvarena sposobnost u prošlosti

-I could have became a millionaire but  I didn't want to.

IZRAŽAVANJE VEROVATNOĆA ILI PRETPOSTAVKI

1. MUST - Logična pretpostavka, potkrepljena nekim dokazom

-He must be hungry, he hasn't eaten all day.
-You must be joking!

2. CAN'T - Suprotno od must

-She can't be serious about winning the lottery.

3. SHOULD - Očekivanje u vezi sa planiranom radnjom

-The Smiths should be here soon.
-We should arrive soon.

4. MAY - Realnija pretpostavka

-They may come to visit us in August.

5. MIGHT - Manja verovatnoća

-There might be some food left, though I think we've eaten it all.

6. COULD - Manja/veća verovatnoća - slično may i might

-This could be the right place. I'm not sure.
-These berries could be poisonous, don't eat them.

7. WILL - Pretpostavka o sadašnjosti na osnovu iskustva

-Someone's at the door. That'll be Sue.
-Leave the heater on. The room won't be warm enough yet.

8. MUST, CAN'T, SHOULD, MAY, MIGHT UZ INFINITIV PERFEKTA - Za prošlost  

-It must have been lovely! The sun, the sea, the beach...
-The food can't have been good. Nobody ate.
-Mat should have arrived an hour ago!
-Sarah may have got stuck in the traffic.
-He might have changed his mind.

IZRAŽAVANJE OBAVEZA I SAVETA

1. MUST - Nužnost, obaveza koju nameće pravilo ili govornik

-We must clean up this mess.
-I must read the book until monday.

2. MUST NOT/MUSTN'T - Zabrana

-You mustn't park here, this is a no-parking area.

3. HAVE TO - Obaveza koju nameće treće lice i za gl. oblike koje must nema

-We have to finish by 7. Sue said so.
-We'll have to get up early to catch up the train.

4. DO/DOES NOT HAVE TO - Odsustvo obaveze

-He doesn't have to eat all that if it's too much.

5. SHOULD/OUGHT TO - Blaža obaveza ili savet

-Mia should go to sleep. She looks tired.
-You ought to stop smoking for your health.

6. SHOULD/OUGHT TO SA INFINITIVOM PERF. - Savet u vezi prošle radnje koja se nije desila

-Shantea shoul have left Tom then. I told her so.
-The doctors ought to have examined him.

7. NEEDN'T - Odsustvo potrebe

-I needn't take an umbrella, the sky is clear.

8. NEED TO - Potreba

-I need to know everything abot the job if I'm going to work for you.

IZRAŽAVANJE DOZVOLA

1. CAN/CAN'T - Dozvola u sadašnjosti

-Can I ask you a question?
-You can't use a calculator during the exam.

2. MAY - Dozvola za sadašnjost (formalno)

-May I leave earlier today?

3. COULD - Traženje dozvole u sadašnjost (formalno) ali i dozvola u prošlosti

-Could I stay overnight?
-Sarah couldn't go out on her own until she was 16.

MOLBE

1. CAN/WILL - Neformalan stil

-Can/Will you pass me the bread?

2. COULD/WOULD - Formalan stil

-Could/Would you do me a favour?

PONUDE I PREDLOZI

1. WILL - Voljnost

-The engine won't start.

2. SHALL - U pitanjima (samo 1. lice jednine i množine)

-Shall we head home?

3. WOULD - Voljnost u prošlosti

-She said she woudn't give me any more money.

SMELOST

1. DARE - Smelost

-How dare you speak to me in that tone?

Ono što je bitno zapamtiti kod modalnih glagola jeste razlika između MUST i HAVE TO koja je veoma važna. 

-You must clean your room. - Misli se da je pod obavezno i izričito naloženo da se soba mora počistiti.

-You have to clean your room. - Dok se u ovom primeru prevodi kao "Trebalo bi da očistiš sobu." (ali ne moraš) nije obavezno.

Dakle, razlika između MUST i HAVE TO je što se must koristi kada nešto mora da se učini, ili kada ne sme izričito, jer u suprotnom ako se prekrši sledi kazna. Dok se have to koristi za blaži oblik naredbe koji za posledicu nema nikakvu kaznu.